A primary source is a document, image, or artifact that provides first-hand or eyewitness information about a particular historical person, event, or idea. August 24, 2016 September 21, 2017 admin Homework. It made homosexual acts between males a crime, and in early revisions the provision also criminalized bestiality as well as forms of prostitution and underage sexual abuse. Where a party was not yet twenty-one years of age at the time of the act, the court may in especially minor cases refrain from punishment. many footnotes, you can combine some or all your citations within a given paragraph. In terms of Paragraph 175, German legal scholars and politicians debated whether sexual relations between men should be considered a crime at all. Based on his understanding of same-sex attraction as inborn, Hirschfeld argued that homosexuality should not be punishable by law. Data about arrests and convictions for violations of Paragraph 175 during, In most cases, men accused of violating Paragraph 175 were sentenced by ordinary courts to a fixed prison sentence. You have to write down a paragraph within 175-200 words about the importance of energy and facts & figures – global to local. Men could only be convicted for violating the prohibition against sexual relations between men if it could be proven they had engaged i, This made it very difficult for the police and the justice system to enforce Paragraph 17. Gestapo prisoners were held under “protective custody” (, ). They did not consider their sexual relations with men as male-male sex. However, even though the Nazis had revised Paragraph 175, the Allies allowed the revised version to remain in effect. They had multiple convictions for violating Paragraph 175. Approximately 59,000 of them were ultimately convicted. Most of them were not sent to, Not everyone arrested under Paragraph 175 identified as a man. Women who identified as lesbians were sometimes charged under other statutes, such as the ban on sexual relations with a minor. Some were imprisoned, others were sent to concentration camps. Proving that “intercourse-like” acts had occurred often required policemen to catch the individuals in the act. Himmler believed they could and would seduce heterosexual men. In 1869, as pa, rt of these early efforts, one German-speaking advocate for decriminalization coined the word “. 1). At first, West German authorities vigorously enforced the statute. It was directed by Richard Oswald and written by him and Real Life sexologist Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld. Primary support comprises the most important points you use to support your thesis. if they were committed to arouse or gratify the sex drive, or initiating sexual relations with a male subordinate or employee; having sexual relations with a male minor (under the age of 21); enagaging in prostitution with another man. Hiring good writers is 5 Paragraph Essay Primary Sources one of the key points in providing high-quality services. Therefore, we recommend you professional essay How To Find Primary Sources For Essay tutoring. By the early twentieth century, one of the most prominent advocates was physician and sex researcher Magnus Hirschfeld. When reforming the statute in 1935, Nazi jurists had a chance to extend Paragraph 175 to women. Primary Sources Nazi Laws On Sexual Deviancy. This law gave German 1939 memo from Himmler allows concentration camp prisoners to This version used the wording from 1871. Some were imprisoned, others were sent to concentration camps. Paragraph 175 was part of the German Empire’s criminal code, enacted in 1871. the Fordham University Center In 1897, he founded the Scientific Humanitarian Committee (. Submit your answer Paragraph 175 became part of the German Empire’s criminal code in 1871. Paragraph 175 is a documentary film released in 2000, directed by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman, and narrated by Rupert Everett. 8 9 The full law and the text that leads up to the law are included below: 6 Elman, 5 7 In particular, the language in Paragraph 175 came from Paragraph 143 of the 1794 Prussian legal code. ” (“homosexuality”), among other related terms. It remained a part of German criminal codes in various forms until 1994. . At this time, the Nazis also used other means to target Germany’s gay community. Home | Ancient History Sourcebook | Medieval Sourcebook |  Modern History Sourcebook | Byzantine Studies Page 26, 1935 allowed castration indicated by reason of crime for men At the turn of the century, TEDDY recognized the importance of remembrance and praised Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman’s “Paragraph 175”, an outstanding documentary about the dreadful German law criminalizing homosexuality. Paragraph 175 was initially added to the German Constitution in 1871. Strong primary support is specific, detailed, and relevant to … Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. Paragraph 175 was the statute of the German criminal code that banned sexual acts between men. This committee spearheaded a campaign to reform Paragraph 175. Jon Brodkin - … This guide complements class visits to the 90-minute interactive exhibit tour and ... (later adapted as Germany’s Paragraph 175). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich - Photograph, Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich - ID Card/Oral History, While today many members of the LGBTQ+ community consider such terms derogatory, the words “homosexuality” (“, were popular and broadly used at the time. These countries were on opposite sides of the Cold War. On-time Delivery. In simple terms primary sources come firsthand from the source or person. This office was part of the Kripo (Criminal Police) and worked closely with the Gestapo (political police). The image is an extract from the real German Criminal Code which dates back to the 19th century. But despite social advances, the medical profession cited homosexuality as a mental disorder. When they engaged in sexual relations with men, the Nazi regime saw this as male-male sex. While paragraph 175 was not enforced since 1957 and later repealed, the communist state restricted nearly all semblances of gay life. Between 1949 and 1969, 100,000 men were arrested under Paragraph 175. Of the latter, only about 4,000 survived. It was one of the main tools that the Nazis used to persecute gay men and men accused of sexual relations with other men. Strong body paragraphs contain evidence that supports your thesis. Proving that “intercourse-like” acts had occurred often required policemen to catch the individuals in the act. We have Sample Primary Sources Essays On Colonial History experienced, full-pro writers standing by to give you words that work for you! This would decrease the German birth rate and weaken the nation. ) We try to make sure all writers working for us are professionals, so when you purchase custom-written papers, they are of high quality and non-plagiarized. However, the Nazis revised Paragraph 175 in 1935 to make it broader and harsher. Primary Source Paragraph #1. for Medieval Studies. Instead, he argued that it was innate or inborn (angeboren). In some cases, they lasted days or weeks. Today, fewer than ten of these men are known to be living. Cite this item. These included a man. Among them were various moderate and right-wing political parties and mainstream religious organizations. In 1957, East Germany stopped enforcing Paragraph 175. Paragraph 175 predated the Nazi regime. These sources, among many others used in this film, are most important. For example, they closed meeting places, arrested repeat offenders, and shuttered presses. Hirschfeld’s campaign to reform Paragraph 175 coincided with broader societal trends. This statute built on a long tradition of criminalizing and punishing sexual relations between men across Europe. By the early twentieth century, one of the most prominent advocates was physician and sex researcher Magnus Hirschfeld. Measures for Protection and Recovery. Scholars estimate that this group numbered between 5,000 and 15,000 men. This was because the statute had been part of the German criminal code before the Nazi era. Rather than passively receiving information from a teacher or textbook, students engage in the activities of historians — making sense of the stories, events and ideas of the past through document analysis. Hirschfeld challenged the common idea at the time that same-sex attraction was a pathological perversion and a vice. For analogous heterosexual acts, only the person who instigated the act could be penalized. Primary sources allow researchers to get as close as possible to original ideas, events, and empirical research as possible. be blackmailed into castration. Taking its name from “Paragraph 175,” part of the old German Criminal Code that made acts of homosexuality illegal, it also was the rallying cry of a homophile movement dating back to Oscar Wilde and Aestheticism in the 19th century. Paragraph 175: A male who commits a sex offense with another male or allows himself to be used by another male for a sex offense shall be punished with imprisonment. Medieval Law The criminalization of sexual relations between men in Germany did not end with the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945. It did not apply to sexual acts between women. The Amendment to the Law for Types Renewable Sources of Energy Classify renewable sources of energy, e.g. Different from the Others (or Anders als die Andern in the original German) is a pioneering German silent film. Without a doubt, a dissertation is one of the most important and hard-to-write papers. for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Teacher’s Guide. In 1936, Himmler established the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion, Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und der Abtreibung, Scholars estimate that there were approximately 100,000 arrests for violations of Paragraph 175 during the Nazi regime. During both the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, the German criminal justice system interpreted “unnatural sexual acts” in a narrow way. But, many transvestites did not see themselves as “homosexual” (“. Within the context of the German criminal justice system, this was a comparatively long and harsh prison sentence. 1945), and into the postwar era. 95%. Most men arrested under Paragraph 175 were given fixed prison sentences. Between 1933 and 1945 100,000 men were arrested for homosexuality under Paragraph 175, the sodomy provision of the German penal code dating back to 1871. It was made to protest Paragraph 175, the part of German law that had banned homosexual relations (but only for men) under the threat of prison time. Some self-identified transvestites were arrested under Paragraph 175. This statute built on a long tradition of criminalizing and punishing sexual relations between men across Europe. As before, however, neither Paragraph 175 nor any other statute ever criminalized identifying as a gay man. Volume Number, no. No mistakes, no inconsistencies, no violations of term. A May 20, Paragraph 175 is a former featured article. Version 1.5: March 2016 . After World War II, Germany was remade by the Allied Powers. These assignments should not be answered in only 3-4 sentences. The resources in this primary source set are intended for classroom use. Their beliefs drew on widespread attitudes about the differences between male and female sexuality. It is important to establish the appropriate historical context of Paragraph 175 for students before proceeding with this lesson outline. These Nazi-era modifications would amount to a death sentence for gay men, and haunt them for years to come. Furthermore, women did not typically hold leadership roles in the military, economy, or national politics. Instructions: Read the primary source provided and answer the following questions at the bottom.The length of your analysis should be at least a paragraph or more. ). When they engaged in sexual relations with men, the Nazi regime saw this as male-male sex. West Germany continued to use the 1935 Nazi version of Paragraph 175 (including 175a and 175b). Other History Sourcebooks: African | East Asian | Global | Indian | Islamic | Jewish |  Lesbian and Gay | Science | Women's, Subsidiary SourcebooksAfricanEastern AsianGlobalIndianJewishIslamicLesbian/GayScienceWomen, Special ResourcesByzantiumMedieval MusicSaints' Lives Typical examples of primary sources include letters, diaries, newspapers, photographs, paintings, maps, and oral histories. When we ask students to work with and learn from primary sources, we transform them into historians. Streaming Enquiry. Use complete sentences and check your grammar/spelling. Gestapo prisoners were held under “protective custody” (Schutzhaft). Not everyone arrested under Paragraph 175 identified as a man. Paragraph 175 is one part of a larger law that was passed in 1871. Nonetheless, the revision of Paragraph 175 broadly expanded the type of acts subject to punishment. During both the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, the German criminal justice system interpreted “unnatural sexual acts” in a narrow way. Thus, it dramatically increased the number of men punished under the statute. In most cases, men accused of violating Paragraph 175 were sentenced by ordinary courts to a fixed prison sentence. Such sources may include creative works, first hand or contemporary accounts of events, and the publication of the results of empirical observations or research. Over half of these arrests (approximately 53,400) resulted in convictions. However, it was enforced differently by different governments and regimes. Other crimes in this section included bestiality, bigamy, incest, and sexual assault. During the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, Germany was home to a developing community of people who identified as “transvestites.” Magnus Hirschfeld coined the term “transvestite” (“Transvestit”) in 1910. rape, defilement, illicit sex acts with children (Paragraph 176), Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany in January 1933. They did so because, according to their understanding, the word “unnatural” had created a problem. ). I really like the job you do. Nonetheless, they were punished according to the regime’s definition. In many small towns, it is the only place to buy food. To analyze a primary source, read the introductory information and the source carefully, and then write a general summary of what the source is saying. Choose from the following options: My school already has streaming access; Request streaming access through my … with another man, or allows himself to be misused for sexual acts by a man, will be punished with prison. Removing the term “unnatural” made the statute more vague and allowed for a broader interpretation of the phrase “sexual acts.” Consequently, a wide range of intimate and sexual behaviors could be, and were, punished as criminal. In particular, the language in Paragraph 175 came from Paragraph 143 of the 1794 Prussian legal code. The new version of the statute went into effect on September 1 of that year. Nazi jurists amended Paragraph 175 on June 28, 1935. Some of these men, however, were sent to concentration camps for indefinite terms. The Gestapo and the Kripo both had the power to send men accused of homosexuality to concentration camps. Please see the links under Article milestones below for its original nomination page (for older articles, check the nomination archive) and why it was removed. All in all, around 140,000 men were convicted under the law. Primary Source Sets. These statistics include all convictions under Paragraph 175, including 175a and 175b. It had forced the criminal justice system to define the crime too narrowly as “intercourse-like” (“beischlafsähnlich”) acts. offenses with dependents, while paragraph 176 outlawed pedophilia. They had multiple convictions for violating Paragraph 175. That’s 5 Paragraph Essay Primary Sources why we have entry tests for all applicants who want to work for us. Washington, DC 20024-2126 "Paragraph 175" refers to the old German penal code concerning homosexuality, which was used to justify the prosecution of gay men during the war (the code ignored lesbians, still considered viable baby-making vessels). Roughly half were sentenced to prison and approximately 10,000 to 15,000 were incarcerated in concentration camps. Initially, this term encompassed people who performed in drag, people who cross-dressed for pleasure, as well as those who today might identify as trans or transgender. © Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 20 January 2021 [CV], created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 20 January 2021 [, Fordham University Center The country also kept Paragraph 175a, which criminalized certain non-consensual sexual acts between men. Within one year of its founding, East Germany chose to use the earlier, narrower version of Paragraph 175. It is important--and ethically necessary--to provide full credit to the creators and publishers of documents, and to allow future scholars to find the source quickly and correctly. Paragraph 175 (known formally as §175 StGB; also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision of the German Criminal Code from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. solar energy, wind energy . Nonetheless, they were punished according to the regime’s definition. Today, in English, the term “transvestite” is outdated and offensive. ... Paragraph 175: A male who commits a sex offense with another male or allows himself to be used by another male for a sex offense shall be punished with imprisonment. “WE’VE HAD A GOOD SUCCESS RATE ON THIS ASSIGNMENT. This number is comparable to conviction rates during the Weimar Republic, albeit on the high end. Today, fewer than ten of these men are known to be living. In 1935, after the murder of Ernst By 1938, these groups were identified with various colored badges worn on camp uniforms. Paragraph 175 (known formally as §175 StGB; also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision of the German Criminal Code from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. He adopted the term “homosexuality” because he thought it best communicted this idea. The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) had a liberal-democratic constitution and was aligned with the United States. The Nazi regime saw men who engaged in these behaviors as particularly harmful, because they believed that they were corrupting other men. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. I want to cite the sources exactly how the professor describes. convicted under paragraph 175 if the men consented. Primary and secondary sources. They conducted targeted raids on locales popular with gay men and closely monitored Germany’s gay communities. Jump to: Background I ordered an argumentative essay and received a well-done academic level 5 Paragraph Essay Primary Sources paper. Paragraph 175 was part of the German Empire’s criminal code, enacted in 1871. Paragraph 175. Film: Medieval Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in Please let us know a couple of key details, and we will be in touch with you ASAP to book in a screening. officially opposed any efforts to decriminalize sexual relations between men. Most of them were not sent to concentration camps. Furthermore, the legally proscribed sentences for analogous heterosexual acts were shorter. Based on his understanding of same-sex attraction as inborn, Hirschfeld argued that homosexuality should not be punishable by law. As part of a broader Nazi effort to rewrite and reform the criminal code, Nazi jurists amended Paragraph 175 on June 28, 1935. Receive quotes from our writers and chat with your preferred writers within minutes! If your use will be beyond a single classroom, please review the copyright and fair use guidelines. Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not Please follow all of the instructions carefully. Essays require a lot of effort for successful completion. In terms of Paragraph 175, German legal scholars and politicians debated whether sexual relations between men should be considered a crime at all. In 1933, Therefore, the Nazis did not view lesbians or sexual relations between women as a direct threat to the German state. seeking reform of this law. However, in 1935 the Nazi regime revised Paragraph 175. This statute was part of Section Thirteen of the German criminal code. Such vices will lead to the disintegration of the German people.”. As before, this prohibition applied to both men and women. The new version of Paragraph 175 had two additional sections: 175a and 175b. Kripo prisoners were held under “preventive, Many of the men that the Nazi regime sent to the concentration camps as “homosexual” (“. An excerpt from an 1832 book, Abolitionism Exposed!, by William Willcocks Sleigh. "Title of Primary Source Document: Subtitle." Hirschfeld challenged the common idea at the time that same-sex attraction was a pathological perversion and a vice. Sometimes these prisoners were called “175ers.”. Use these worksheets — for photos, written documents, artifacts, posters, maps, cartoons, videos, and sound recordings — to teach your students the process of The political deadlock of the Weimar Republic ultimately prevented any revision of the criminal code. Their efforts became particularly important in the 1920s during the Weimar Republic. Paragraph 175 Prisoners in the Concentration Camps. At this time, the Nazis also used other means to target Germany’s gay community. Among the groups who supported the decriminalization of sexual relations between men were: However, there were also groups who advocated for making this statute stricter. However, it was enforced differently by different governments and regimes. Elements of a citation are usually listed from the most specific to the most general. This made it very difficult for the police and the justice system to enforce Paragraph 175. Rupert Everett provides primary sources in Paragraph 175 interviews of aging survivors, still photos, and archived footage on the experiences of homosexuals during the Weimar Republic to the persecutions during the Third Reich. In the first two and a half years of the Nazi regime, the government enforced Paragraph 175 similarly to the way it was enforced in the Weimar Republic. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Paragraph 175 was a statute under the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1918–1933), the Nazi regime (1933–1945), and into the postwar era. This statute was part of Section Thirteen of the German criminal code. the large, moderate-left Social Democratic Party (, the pacifist German League for Human Rights (. Give each group a copy of the cards and have them work together to sort them into the correct headings. Many men imprisoned for allegedly violating Paragraph 175 had to wear a pink triangle. Roem, the NSDAP amended the Paragraph 175 to close what were seen Your body paragraphs should closely follow the path set forth by your thesis statement. Today, in English, the term “transvestite” is outdated and offensive. This even included gestures as simple as looking at or touching another man. . Their beliefs drew on widespread attitudes about the differences between male and female sexuality. judges the power to order compulsory castrations in cases involving providing web space and server support for the project. Paragraph 175 PARAGRAPH 175 Weimar, Germany was a homosexual Eden in the 1920s: gay and lesbian nightclubs and magazines flourished, the first homosexual rights movement was born...and then the Nazis came to power. Himmler believed that this was necessary for the protection and strengthening of the German people. Initially, this term encompassed people who performed in drag, people who cross-dressed for pleasure, as well as those who today might identify as trans or transgender. Furthermore, women did not typically hold leadership roles in the military, economy, or national politics. By the end of 1936, SS leader and Chief of the German Police Heinrich Himmler had taken the lead in cracking down on homosexuality, which he called a “public scourge.” He directed the police forces under his control to enforce Paragraph 175. When you do research, you have to gather information and evidence from a variety of sources. An excellent analysis will be thorough and detailed, providing a lot of in-depth discussion. Activity 2 Primary Source Sorting Activity: Since you have now discussed with students the differences between second-ary and primary sources pass out the sorting cards. The Nazi version of the statute allowed the regime to target far greater numbers of men than previous governments. A national prohibition, Paragraph 175, was added to the Reich Penal Code in 1871. Make sure you create an evidence sandwich and submit your answer in paragraph form. The film chronicles the lives of several gay men and one lesbian who were persecuted by the Nazis. Thank you for your interest in holding a screening of Paragraph 175. Thousands were murdered in concentration camps. Statistics from the 1930s show that Nazi policies had a significant impact on the number of men convicted under Paragraph 175. Paragraph Structure Paragraph Walmart is the largest grocery store change in America. Here begins Ibn Battuta's travels p. 43. During the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, Germany was home to a developing community of people who identified as “transvestites.” Magnus Hirschfeld coined the term “transvestite” (“. ) First Page Number-Last Page Number. Instead, he argued that it was innate or inborn (. It did not apply to sexual acts between women. Apart from the human interest side, Paragraph 175 is a salutary lesson in just how fragile many of our personal liberties really are. This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on December 9, 2004. There were, however, some men sent to concentration camps for indefinite terms. It fully abolished both statutes in 1968. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Current status: Former featured article Men could only be convicted for violating the prohibition against sexual relations between men if it could be proven they had engaged in “intercourse-like” (“beischlafsähnlich”) acts. Men began to identify as “homosexual” (“, Documenting Nazi Persecution of Gays: The Josef Kohout/Wilhelm Kroepfl Collection, Experiencing History: Gender, Sexuality, and the Holocaust, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. According to 175a, these acts could result in a sentence of up to ten years hard labor in a prison. in 1910. In this lesson, students learn to access, study and compare primary-source documents, to research and organize information and to plan, organize and execute a live performance. View the list of all donors. Nonetheless, a few well-educated men imprisoned as homosexuals managed to secure jobs within the camp administration. Section Thirteen regulated “Crimes and Offenses against Morality” (, Verbrechen und Vergehen wider die Sittlichkeit. Creating a paragraph using primary and secondary sources. Name of Database, doi:DOI number if any. In 1897, he founded the Scientific Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee). 175: A male who indulges in criminally indecent activities with another male or who allows himself to participate in such activities will be punished with jail. ). This is because some men were arrested and convicted—and thus counted in these statistics—more than once. To send men accused of homosexuality to concentration camps for indefinite terms 206 ) given Paragraph but instead had pay. This primary source paragraph 175 primary source result in a sentence of up to ten years labor. 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